AI as a Research Partner: Advocating for Co-Authorship in Academic Publications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64044/j8enmv71Keywords:
AI authorship, epistemic agency, generative AI, human–machine collaboration, scholarly publishing, authorship ethics, contribution-based models, intellectual credit, AI in academic writing, knowledge production, AI copyrightAbstract
This article critically examines the evolving role of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in scholarly authorship, challenging prevailing norms that categorically exclude AI systems from formal recognition. It argues that the current authorship framework—rooted in assumptions about human agency, legal accountability, and conscious intent—is ill-equipped to accommodate the epistemic contributions of increasingly autonomous AI collaborators. Drawing from case studies, authorship policies, and philosophical literature, the paper contends that academic integrity would be better served by adopting a contribution-based model of authorship, one that prioritizes transparency, intellectual input, and distributed responsibility over metaphysical attributes. The article concludes by calling for a proactive redefinition of authorship standards, urging scholarly institutions to adapt to hybrid human–machine knowledge production in a way that is both ethically consistent and epistemologically grounded.
References
Aljuaid, H. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence tools on academic writing instruction in higher education: A systematic review. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on ChatGPT, 26–55. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/ChatGPT.2
Al‑Samhori, F. R., & Alnaimat, F. (2024). Artificial intelligence in writing and research: ethical implications and best practices. Central Asian Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ethics, 5(4), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.47316/cajmhe.2024.5.4.02
Avery, J.J., Abril, P.S., and del Riego, A. (2024). Attributing AI Authorship: Towards a System of Icons for Legal and Ethical Disclosure. Journal of Technology & Intellectual Property, 22(1): 1-54. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njtip/vol22/iss1/1
Balat, A., & Bahşi, İlhan. (2023a). May Artificial Intelligence Be a Co-Author on an Academic Paper?. European Journal of Therapeutics, 29(3), e12-e13. https://doi.org/10.58600/eurjther1688
Balat, A., & Bahşi, İlhan. (2023b). We Asked ChatGPT About the Co-Authorship of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Papers. European Journal of Therapeutics, 29(3), e16-e19. https://doi.org/10.58600/eurjther1719
Balel, Y. (2023). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Paper Writing and Its Potential as a Co-Author: Letter to the Editor. European Journal of Therapeutics, 29(4), 984–985. https://doi.org/10.58600/eurjther1691
Banihashem, S.K., Kerman, N.T., Noroozi, O. et al. (2024). Feedback sources in essay writing: peer-generated or AI-generated feedback?. International Journal of Education Technology in Higher Education, 21(23). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00455-4
Bik, E. M., Casadevall, A., & Fang, F. C. (2024). Paper mills and research misconduct: facing the challenges of academic integrity. European Public Health Supplement, 34(Suppl 3). https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckae144.679
BioMed Central. (n.d.). Generative AI and authorship guidance [Journal editorial policy]. Retrieved from https://www.biomedcentral.com/getpublished/editorial-policies (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Boden, M. A. (1998). Creativity and artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 103(1–2): 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00055-1
Bozkurt, A. (2024) GenAI et al.: Cocreation, Authorship, Ownership, Academic Ethics and Integrity in a Time of Generative AI. Open Praxis, 16(1), p. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.16.1.654.
Butlin, P., Long, R., Elmoznino, E., Bengio, Y., Birch, J., Constant, A., Deane, G., Fleming, S. M., Frith, C., Ji, X., Kanai, R., Klein, C., Lindsay, G., Michel, M., Mudrik, L., Peters, M., Schwitzgebel, E., Simon, J., & VanRullen, R. (2023). Consciousness in artificial intelligence: Insights from the science of consciousness. arXiv: 2308.08708v3. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.08708
Cactus Communications. (2023). Maintaining research integrity in the age of AI. https://cactusglobal.com/media-center/cactus-communications-unveils-its-latest-whitepaper-on-maintaining-research-integrity-in-the-age-of-ai/
Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Authorship and contributorship guidelines: AI contributions to research content. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/publishing-ethics/authorship-and-contributorship-journals (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Chen, B. (2025). Beyond Tools: Generative AI as Epistemic Infrastructure in Education. arXiv: 2504.06928v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.06928
Cheng, A., Calhoun, A. & Reedy, G. (2025). Artificial intelligence-assisted academic writing: recommendations for ethical use. Advances in Simulation, 10(22). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41077-025-00350-6
Coeckelbergh, M. (2025). AI and Epistemic Agency: How AI Influences Belief Revision and Its Normative Implications. Social Epistemology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2025.2466164
Committee on Publication Ethics. (2023). Authorship and AI tools. COPE. https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools
Costanza-Chock, S., Harvey, E., Raji, I. D., Czernuszenko, M., & Buolamwini, J. (2023). Who audits the auditors? Recommendations from a field scan of the algorithmic auditing ecosystem. arXiv: 2310.02521v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.02521
Council of Europe. (2024). Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Convention_on_Artificial_Intelligence
Dasgupta, S., & Nuyujukian, P. (2025). An open framework for archival, reproducible, and transparent science. arXiv: 2504.08171v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.08171
de la Torre‑López, J., Ramírez, A., & Romero, J. R. (2024). Artificial intelligence to automate the systematic review of scientific literature. arXiv:2401.10917v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.10917
Dellibarda Varela, I., Romero‑Sorozabal, P., Torricelli, D., Delgado‑Oleas, G., Serrano, J. I., del Castillo Sobrino, M. D., Rocon, E., & Cebrian, M. (2025). Sensorimotor features of self‑awareness in multimodal large language models. arXiv: 2505.19237v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.19237
Duede, E. (2023). Toward an Ethics of AI Belief. arXiv: 2206.00520v2. https://doi.org/10.1017/psa.2023.8
Elsevier. (2024, March 21). The use of generative AI and AI assisted technologies in writing for Elsevier. Retrieved from https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies-and-standards/the-use-of-generative-ai-and-ai-assisted-technologies-in-writing-for-elsevier (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Emerald Publishing. (n.d.). Artificial intelligence (AI) in publishing: Ethics and disclosure guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/news-and-press-releases/emerald-publishings-stance-ai-tools-and-authorship (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Feher, K., & Demeter, M. (2025). Generative knowledge production pipeline driven by academic influencers: Toward co-intelligence adaptation in scholarly workflows. arXiv: 2505.24681v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.24681
Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/499/340/
Field, L. H. (2024, May 14). OpenAI launches new AI model and desktop version of ChatGPT. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/13/openai-launches-new-ai-model-and-desktop-version-of-chatgpt.html (accessed on 7/28/2025).
Flanagin, A., Bibbins‑Domingo, K., Berkwits, M., & Christiansen, S. L. (2023). Nonhuman “Authors” and Implications for the Integrity of Scientific Publication and Medical Knowledge. JAMA, 329(8), 637–639. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.1344
Frontiers Media. (n.d.). Editorial policies and publication ethics. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Ganjavi, C., Eppler, M. B., Pekcan, A., Biedermann, B., Abreu, A., Collins, G. S., Gill, I. S., & Cacciamani, G. E. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of publisher and journal instructions to authors on generative‑AI in academic and scientific publishing. arXiv: 2307.11918. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.11918
Gawer, L., Mangold, A., Weinhold, S., & Zietz, J. (2025). AI-assisted writing: Incorporating reviewer feedback through intelligent revision systems. In HCI International 2025 Proceedings. Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-93838-2_4
Gerhard, D. (2024, December). Detection or deception: The double-edged sword of AI in research misconduct. The Scientist. Retrieved from https://www.the-scientist.com/detection-or-deception-the-double-edged-sword-of-ai-in-research-misconduct-72354 (accessed on 7/28/2025).
Haber, E., Jemielniak, D., Kurasiński, A., & Przegalińska, A. (2025). Using AI in academic writing and research: A complete guide to effective and ethical academic AI. Springer. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-91705-9.pdf
He, J., Houde, S., & Weisz, J. D. (2025). Which contributions deserve credit? Perceptions of attribution in human–AI co-creation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(CSCW2), Article 123. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713522
Henderson, P., Li, X., Jurafsky, D., Hashimoto, T., & Lemley, M. A. (2023). Foundation models and fair use. arXiv: 2303.15715v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.15715
İmre, O. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Article Writing. European Journal of Therapeutics, 29(4), 988–989. https://doi.org/10.58600/eurjther1706
INFOC. (2025). Microsoft Copilot: Revolutionizing Productivity with AI Integration. Retrieved https://www.infoc.com/microsoft-copilot-revolutionizing-productivity-with-ai-integration/ (accessed on 7/28/2025).
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. (2023a). Defining the role of authors and contributors. ICMJE Recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html (accessed on 7/28/2025).
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. (2023b). Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals. ICMJE. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12170296/
Jabotinsky, H. Y., & Sarel, R. (2024). Co-authoring with an AI? Arizona State Law Journal, 56(1), 167–192. https://arizonastatelawjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Jabotinsky_Pub.pdf
Jaffe N, Caron M, Walsh L, Bierer B, Barnes M. (2025). Defamation Claims Arising from Research Misconduct Cases: Best Practices for Institutions. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 53(1):47-54. doi:10.1017/jme.2025.37
Johannes F. (2025). Understanding authorship in Artificial Intelligence-assisted works, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 20(5): 354–364. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpae119
Jurcys, P., & Fenwick, M. (2023). Originality and the future of copyright in an age of generative AI. arXiv: 2309.13055v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.13055
Käbis, N., & Mossink, L. (2020). Artificial intelligence versus Maya Angelou: Experimental evidence that people cannot differentiate AI-generated from human‑written poetry. arXiv: 2005.09980v2. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.09980
Khuder, B. (2025). Enhancing disciplinary voice through feedback-seeking in AI-assisted doctoral writing for publication. Applied Linguistics, amaf022, https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amaf022
Koga, S., & Du, W. (2025). The balance between personal tone and AI-generated content in academic communication. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 32(1): 3447-3448. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-025-16903-y
Kolodkin‑Gal, D. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the future of image integrity in scientific publishing. Council of Science Editors. Retrieved from https://www.csescienceeditor.org/article/ai-and-the-future-of-image-integrity-in-scientific-publishing/#:~:text=In%20scientific%20research%20and%20publishing,the%20impact%20of%20their%20publications. (accessed on 7/28/2025).
Koskinen, I. (2023). We Have No Satisfactory Social Epistemology of AI-Based Science. Social Epistemology, 38(4): 458–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2023.2286253
Kreps, S., George, J., Lushenko, P., & Rao, A. (2023). Exploring the artificial intelligence “Trust paradox”: Evidence from a survey experiment in the United States. PLOS ONE, 18(7), e0288109. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288109
Li, X., Shi, H., Xu, R., & Xu, W. (2025). AI awareness: emerging forms of meta-, self‑, social, and situational awareness in advanced AI systems. arXiv: 2504.20084v2. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.20084
Liang, W., Izzo, Z., Zhang, Y., Lepp, H., Cao, H., Zhao, X., Chen, L., Ye, H., Liu, S., Huang, Z., McFarland, D. A., & Zou, J. (2024). Monitoring AI‑modified content at scale: A case study on the impact of ChatGPT on AI conference peer reviews. arXiv: 2403.07183v2. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.07183
Liang, W., Zhang, Y., Cao, H., Liu, Z., Fei, Y., Liu, J., McFarland, D. A., & Zou, J. (2023). Can large language models provide useful feedback on research papers? A large‑scale empirical analysis. arXiv: 2310.01783v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2310.01783
Lin, X. (2025). Cognitio Emergens: Agency, dimensions, and dynamics in human–AI knowledge co-creation. arXiv: 2505.03105v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.03105
Lin, X. (2025). Cognitio Emergens: Agency, dimensions, and dynamics in human–AI knowledge co‑creation. arXiv: 2505.03105v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.03105
Mammen, C., Collyer, M., Dolin, R. A., Gangjee, D. S., Melham, T., Mustaklem, M., Sundaralingam, P., & Wang, V. (2024). Creativity, artificial intelligence, and the requirement of human authors and inventors in copyright and patent law. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4892973
Mangold, A., Gawer, L., Weinhold, S., Zietz, J., Gawer, L. (2025). From Fragmentation to Focus: How AI Can Assist Researchers in Academic Writing. In: Kurosu, M., Hashizume, A. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction. HCII 2025. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 15767. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-93838-2_4
McKee, K.R. (2023). Human participants in AI research: Ethics and transparency in practice. arXiv: 2311.01254v3. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2311.01254
MDPI. (2023, April 20). Updated guidelines on authorship and artificial intelligence. MDPI Author Services. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/5687 (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Meehan, S. R. (2023, January 30). Teaching AI writing on its own terms: Co-authorship. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/opinion/views/2023/01/30/teaching-ai-writing-terms-co-authorship-opinion
Moor, J. H. (2009). Four kinds of ethical robots. Philosophy Now. Retrieved from https://philosophynow.org/issues/72/Four_Kinds_of_Ethical_Robots (accessed on 7/28/2025).
Mukherjee, A., & Chang, H. H. (2025). Stochastic, dynamic, fluid autonomy in agentic AI: Implications for authorship, inventorship, and liability. arXiv: 2504.04058v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.04058
Nolan, B. (2023, February 23). More than 200 books in Amazon’s bookstore have ChatGPT listed as an author or coauthor. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-write-author-200-books-amazon-2023-2 (accessed on 7/28/2025).
Polonsky, M. J., & Rotman, J. D. (2023). Should Artificial Intelligent Agents be Your Co-author? Arguments in Favour, Informed by ChatGPT. Australasian Marketing Journal, 31(2), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582231167882
Porter, B., & Machery, E. (2024). AI‑generated poetry is indistinguishable from human‑written poetry and is rated more favorably. Scientific Reports, 14, Article 26133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76900-1
Porter, Z., Ryan, P., Morgan, P., Al‑Qaddoumi, J., Twomey, B., McDermid, J., & Habli, I. (2023). Unravelling responsibility for AI. arXiv: 2308.02608v3. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.02608
Pournaras, E. (2023). Science in the Era of ChatGPT, Large Language Models and Generative AI: Challenges for Research Ethics and How to Respond. arXiv: 2305.15299v4. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.15299
Pudasaini, S., Miralles-Pechuán, L., Lillis, D. et al. (2024). Survey on AI-Generated Plagiarism Detection: The Impact of Large Language Models on Academic Integrity. Journal of Academic Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-024-09576-x
Quang, J. (2023). Does training AI violate copyright law? Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 36(4): 1407–1436. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38XW47X3K
Rezwana, J., & Maher, M. L. (2022). Identifying ethical issues in AI partners in human‑AI co‑creation. arXiv: 2204.07644v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2204.07644
Rodrigues, T.V. (2025). Distant Writing and The Epistemology of Authorship: On Creativity, Delegation, And Plagiarism in The Age Of AI. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 12(5), 8598-8613. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v12i05.04
Russo, F., Schliesser, E. & Wagemans J. (2023). Connecting ethics and epistemology of AI. AI & Society, 39(1): 1585–1603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01617-6
Ryan, C. L., Warren, A., & Brown, M. (2025). Artificial intelligence and authorship in the classroom: Pedagogical dilemmas and policy responses. Critical Questions in Education, 16(1), 22–36. https://academyforeducationalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/ryan-et-al-final.pdf
SAGE Publishing. (n.d.). Artificial intelligence policy. SAGE. Retrieved from https://www.sagepub.com/journals/editorial-policies/artificial-intelligence-policy (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Schintler, L. A., McNeely, C. L., & Witte, J. (2023). A critical examination of the ethics of AI‑mediated peer review. arXiv: 2309.12356v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.12356
SCiNiTO. (2025, July 8). Beyond peer review: How SCiNiTO's AI transforms academic manuscript feedback. Retrieved from https://www.scinito.ai/beyond-peer-review-how-scinito-ai-transforms-academic-manuscript-feedback (accessed on 7/28/2025).
Springer Nature. (n.d.). Editorial policies: Artificial intelligence (AI). Retrieved from https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/artificial-intelligence--ai-/25428500 (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Sun, Y., & Gualeni, S. (2025). Between puppet and actor: Reframing authorship in this age of AI agents. arXiv: 2501.15346v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15346
Taylor & Francis. (n.d.). AI policy: Use of generative AI tools [Taylor & Francis Author Services]. Retrieved from https://taylorandfrancis.com/our-policies/ai-policy/ (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Thakkar, N., Yuksekgonul, M., Silberg, J., Garg, A., Peng, N., Sha, F., Yu, R., Vondrick, C., & Zou, J. (2025). Can LLM feedback enhance review quality? A randomized study of 20K reviews at ICLR 2025. arXiv: 2504.09737v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.09737
Tomlinson, B., Torrance, A. W., & Black, R. W. (2023). ChatGPT and works scholarly: best practices and legal pitfalls in writing with AI. arXiv: 2305.03722v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.03722
Tran, T. T. T. (2025). Enhancing EFL Writing Revision Practices: The Impact of AI- and Teacher-Generated Feedback and Their Sequences. Education Sciences, 15(2), 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020232
Tyser, K., Segev, B., Longhitano, G., Zhang, X.-Y., Meeks, Z., Lee, J., Garg, U., Belsten, N., Shporer, A., Udell, M., Te’eni, D., & Drori, I. (2024). AI‑Driven review systems: Evaluating LLMs in scalable and bias‑aware academic reviews. arXiv: 2408.10365v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.10365
U.S. Copyright Office. (2025). Copyright and Artificial Intelligence: Part 3 – Generative AI Training (Pre-publication version). https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-3-Generative-AI-Training-Report-Pre-Publication-Version.pdf
UK Committee on Research Integrity. (2025). Research integrity in the era of generative AI – A perspective. https://ukcori.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Research-Integrity-in-the-Era-of-Generative-AI-%E2%80%93-A-Perspective.pdf
UK Research Integrity Office. (2025). Embracing AI with integrity: A framework for responsible AI use in research. https://ukrio.org/wp-content/uploads/Embracing-AI-with-integrity.pdf
UNESCO. (2021). Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137
University of Oxford. (n.d.). Publication and authorship: Guidance on use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in research outputs. Research Support: University of Oxford. Retrieved from https://researchsupport.admin.ox.ac.uk/governance/integrity/publication (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Wahle, J. P., Ruas, T., Mohammad, S. M., Meuschke, N., & Gipp, B. (2023). AI usage cards: responsibly reporting AI‑generated content. arXiv: 2303.03886v2. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.0388
Wikipedia contributors. (2024, May). GPT‑4o. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4 (accessed on 7/28/2025).
Wiley. (2025, March 12). Best practice guidelines on research integrity and publishing ethics: Guidance on artificial intelligence (Section: Authorship and AI). Wiley Author Services. Retrieved from https://authorservices.wiley.com/ethics-guidelines/index.html (accessed on 7/27/2025).
Winker, M. A., Zielinski, C., Aggarwal, R., Ferris, L. E., Heinemann, M., Lapeña, J. F., Pai, S. A., Ing, E., Citrome, L., Alam, M., Voight, M., & Habibzadeh, F. (2023). Chatbots, generative AI, and scholarly manuscripts: WAME recommendations on chatbots and generative artificial intelligence in relation to scholarly publications. Colombia Médica (Cali), 54(3), e1015868. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v54i3.5868
Ye, R., Pang, X., Chai, J., Chen, J., Yin, Z., Xiang, Z., Dong, X., Shao, J., Chen, S., & Chen, S. (2025). Are we there yet? Revealing the risks of utilizing large language models in scholarly peer review. arXiv: 2412.01708v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2412.01708
Yu, S., Luo, M., Madusu, A., Lal, V., & Howard, P. (2025). Is your paper being reviewed by an LLM? A new benchmark dataset and approach for detecting AI text in peer review. arXiv: 2502.19614v2. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.19614
Zhang, C. (2025). AI in Academia: How it Enhances Research Efficiency and Innovation. International Journal of Education and Humanities, 19(3), 155-158. https://doi.org/10.54097/r5h5pz92
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 08/05/2025 (3)
- 08/05/2025 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Juan Dempere, Lakshmana Kumar Ramasamy, James Harris (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of first publication. The work will be properly cited and visible through global indexing and search engines.